Scalable Magnetoresistive Element

ABSTRACT

A magnetoresistive element that includes a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a reversible magnetization directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface, a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a fixed magnetization directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface, and a tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free and pinned ferromagnetic layers, wherein the free and pinned layers contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned layer have a coherent body-centered cubic structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses a magnetization direction of the free layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application No. 61/477,274, filed on Apr. 20, 2011 by the present inventor.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Not Applicable

SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM

Not Applicable

RELEVANT PRIOR ART

Kitagawa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,121, May 5, 2009

Nagase et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,663,197, Feb. 16, 2010

Yoshikawa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,924,607, Apr. 12, 2011

Ueda et al., Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0069642, Mar. 22, 2012

BACKGROUND

Magnetic (or magnetoresistive) random access memory (MRAM) using magnetoresistive (MR) elements (or magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs)) is a strong candidate for providing a dense, scalable and non-volatile storage solution for future memory applications. MRAM is capable to provide a high speed writing and low operation power. In particular, these parameters can be achieved in the MRAM employing a spin-induced writing mechanism in MTJ with a perpendicular anisotropy.

Each MTJ (or MR element) of MRAM comprises at least a pinned (reference) magnetic layer with fixed direction of magnetization and a free (storage) magnetic layer with reversible direction of the magnetization. The free and pinned ferromagnetic layers are separated from each other by a thin tunnel barrier layer made of insulator or semiconductor. The free layer works as a storage layer and can have two stable directions of the magnetization that is parallel or anti-parallel to the direction of the magnetization of the pinned layer. Resistance of the MTJ measured in a direction across the tunnel barrier layer depends on a mutual orientation of the magnetizations in the free and pinned layers. It can be effectively controlled by a direction of the spin-polarized switching current running across the MTJ perpendicular to the tunnel barrier layer. The spin-polarized current can reverse the magnetization direction of the free layer. The resistance is low when the magnetizations of the free and pinned layers are parallel to each other (logic “0”) and high when the magnetizations are antiparallel to each other (logic “1”). Difference in the resistance between two logic states can be in a range of about 1000% at room temperature.

A typical MRAM device includes an array of memory cells, word lines extending along rows of the memory cells and bit lines extending along columns of the memory cells. Each memory cell is located at a cross point of a word line and a bit line in a vertical space between them. The cell typically comprises an MTJ and a selection transistor (or other nonlinear element) connected in series.

The MTJ comprising magnetic layers made of materials having a perpendicular anisotropy (or perpendicular direction of magnetization in an equilibrium state) can provide a substantial thermal stability (Δ≧60). The thermal stability can be estimated from the following equation

Δ=K _(U) V/k _(B) T,  (1)

where K_(U) and V is a magnetic anisotropy and volume of the free layer, respectively, k_(B) is a Boltzmann constant, and T is a temperature.

Low density of the spin-polarized switching current (J_(S)≦1·10⁶ A/cm²) and high tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR≧100) can be achieved in the perpendicular MTJ comprising a coherent body-centered (bcc) structure with (001) plane oriented in the adjacent free, tunnel barrier and pinned layers. The coherent bcc (001) structure can also provide a low magnetic damping constant (α≦0.01), and substantial spin polarization p of conductance electrons.

Free layer of the perpendicular MTJ can be made of magnetic materials having a substantial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). There are several groups of the perpendicular magnetic materials which include ordered alloys (FePt, CoPt, FePd, and the like), rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloys (GdFeCo, TbFeCo, TbCo, and the like), and laminates (CoFe/Pd, CoFeB/Pt, Co/Pt, Co/Pd, and the like). These materials can suffer from a substantial damping constant α≧0.01 and reduced spin polarization p that cause a substantial increase of of the switching current density J_(S). Some of the these materials cannot provide the required coherent bcc (001) structure of the MTJ, or cannot tolerate a high temperature annealing (T_(AN)≧250° C.) due to possible loss of the perpendicular anisotropy or unwanted diffusion in the tunnel barrier layer.

CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB multilayer became a system of choice for MTJ manufacturing since it can provide the required coherent bcc (001) texture in MgO and adjacent crystallized CoFe(B) layers. However this structure may not support the perpendicular direction of the magnetization in the free and pinned layers. The PMA in the CoFeB-based free and pinned layers can be provided by a magnetic surface anisotropy produced at the interfaces of the CoFeB layers with other materials, for example MgO. However a magnitude of the PMA produced at the CoFeB/MgO interface may be not sufficient to support the perpendicular direction of the magnetization in the crystallized CoFe(B) layer having a thickness of about 1 nm and above. Recent demonstrations of the PMA in the annealed Ta/CoFeB/MgO multilayers provided a possibility to increase thickness of the free layer up to about 1.3 nm. This thickness may be not sufficient for providing the required thermal stability of the perpendicular MTJs having a diameter less than 40 nm.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein is a magnetoresistive element that includes a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a first reversible magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface, a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a second fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface, and a nonmagnetic insulating tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer and having a direct contact with the ferromagnetic layers, wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layers contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting from V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free ferromagnetic layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned ferromagnetic layer have a coherent body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses the magnetization direction of the free ferromagnetic layer.

Also disclosed is a magnetoresistive element that includes a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a first reversible magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface, a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a second fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface, a nonmagnetic insulating tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer and having a direct contact with the ferromagnetic layers, a first nonmagnetic metal layer disposed contiguously to a side of the free ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer, and a second nonmagnetic metal layer disposed contiguously to a side of the pinned ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the first nonmagnetic metal layer and second nonmagnetic metal layer contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, and Cr, and the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layers contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting from V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned layer form a coherent body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses the magnetization direction of the free layer.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a magnetic tunnel junction with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional views of a magnetic tunnel junction with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic sectional view of a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction according to still another embodiment the present disclosure.

EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

10, 20, 30, 40 magnetoresistive element

12 free (or storage) ferromagnetic layer

14 pinned (or reference) ferromagnetic layer

16 tunnel barrier layer

18 seed layer (or underlayer)

19 cap layer (or overlayer)

22, 24 interface magnetic layer

32 synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) structure

34 pinning magnetic layer

36 nonmagnetic spacer layer

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that in the following explanation the same reference numerals denote constituent elements having almost the same functions and arrangements, and a repetitive explanation will be made only when necessary. Since, however, each figure is an exemplary view, it should be noted that the relationship between the thickness and planar dimensions, the ratio of the thicknesses of layers, and the like are different from the actual ones. Accordingly, practical thicknesses and dimensions should be judged in consideration of the following explanation.

Note also that each embodiment to be presented below merely discloses an device for embodying the technical idea of the present disclosure. Therefore, the technical idea of the present disclosure does not limit the materials, shapes, structures, arrangements, and the like of constituent parts to those described below. The technical idea of the present disclosure can be variously changed within the scope of the appended claims.

Refining now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-4 illustrate exemplary aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, these figures illustrate MR element having a multilayer structure with a perpendicular anisotropy in magnetic layers. The direction of the magnetization in the magnetic layers are shown by solid or dashed arrows. The MR element can store binary data by using steady logic states determined by a mutual orientation of the magnetizations in the magnetic layers separated by a tunnel barrier layer. The logic state “0” or “1” of the MR element can be changed by a spin-polarized current running through the element in the direction perpendicular to layers surface (or substrate). The MR element may be included as a part of magnetic random access memory (MRAM).

The MR element herein mentioned in this specification and in the scope of claims is a general term of a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) element using a nonmagnetic insulator or semiconductor as the tunnel barrier layer. Although the following figures each illustrate the major components of the MR element, another layer may also be included as long as the arrangement shown in the figure is included.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) 10 with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in magnetic layers according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The MTJ 10 comprises a free layer 12, a pinned layer 14, a tunnel barrier layer 16, a seed layer 18, and a cap layer 19. The free 12 and pinned 14 layers have a magnetization M₁₂ and M₁₄ (shown by arrows), respectively, that are directed perpendicular to layer plane (film surface). The layers 12 and 14 can be made by a sputter disposition in a vacuum of (Fe₇₀Co₂₀V₁₀)₈₅B₁₅ alloy and have a substantially amorphous structure in as-deposited state. Thickness of the layers 12 and 14 can be of about 1.5 nm and 2 nm, respectively. The tunnel barrier layer 16 can be made of MgO and have a thickness of about 1.1 nm. The seed layer 18 and the cap layer 19 can have a thickness of about 5 nm each, and can be made of tantalum (Ta) and tungsten (W), respectively.

The tunnel barrier layer 16 being sandwiched by the as-deposited amorphous CoFeVB free and pinned layers can crystallize first into body-centered cubic (bcc) structure during post-deposition annealing at a temperature of about 350° C. within about one hour. A magnetic field directed in-plane or perpendicular to the layer plane can be applied during annealing. The crystallized MgO layer 16 can serve as a template during following crystallization of the amorphous CoFeVB magnetic layers. The sharp and flat interfaces of the MgO layer with adjacent CoFeVB layers can produce a substantial magnetic surface anisotropy. The interfacial anisotropy can direct the magnetization direction in the CoFeVB layers 12 and 14 substantially perpendicular to the layer surface. Intrinsic demagnetizing field of the ferromagnetic free 12 and pinned 14 layers resists to the perpendicular direction of the magnetization in favor of the in-plane direction.

The magnetization direction in the ferromagnetic layer is defined by an effective magnetic anisotropy K_(EFF) that takes into consideration a joint effect of the interfacial K_(S) and volume K_(V) anisotropies. The effective anisotropy can be estimated from:

K _(EFF) >K _(S) /t−2πM _(S) ²,  (2)

where a term 2πM_(S) represents the magnetostatic volume anisotropy, t and M_(S) is a thickness and saturation magnetization of the magnetic layer, respectively. When K_(EFF)>0, the perpendicular direction of the magnetization is favored. K_(EFF) is inverse proportional to the thickness t and material saturation magnetization M_(S) of the magnetic layer.

Theory and experiment suggest that high TMR and low spin-polarized switching current I_(s) can be achieved in the MgO-based MTJ having a coherent bcc structure with (001) plane oriented. Crystalline structure of the seed and cap layers having a direct contact with the free and pinned magnetic layers can affect the structure of the annealed free and pinned layers. To promote the crystallization of the as-deposited amorphous CoFeVB layers into required bcc (001) texture the seed and cap layer can have bcc or amorphous structure.

Addition of V (vanadium) to the free and pinned layers can reduce a lattice mismatch between MgO and crystallized magnetic layers. This can lead to the increase of TMR and reduction of the spin-polarized current of the MTJ. Moreover, vanadium can support the crystallization of the magnetic layers into the required bcc texture.

The saturation magnetization M_(S) of the CoFeVB alloy reduces almost linearly with vanadium concentration increase. M_(S) reduction can promote the perpendicular direction of the magnetization in the free and pinned layers.

The seed 18 and cap 19 layers of the MTJ 10 can be made of a nonmagnetic metallic material comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, and Cr. These metals can have a stable bcc structure that may be important for promoting the crystallization of the CoFeVB free and pinned layers into the required texture. Moreover, the nonmagnetic seed and cap layers made of these metals and having direct contacts with the free and pinned layers can support the perpendicular direction of the magnetization in the magnetic layers due to interfacial anisotropy.

The magnetic surface anisotropy depends on the crystalline structure of the contacting materials, as well on flatness and sharpness of the interface. These parameters depend on contacting materials, sputtering and annealing conditions.

Hence, the joint effect of the magnetic surface anisotropy produced at the MgO/CoFeVB and CoFeVB/W interfaces of the free layer 12 with the adjacent tunnel barrier 16 and cap 19 layers along with the reduced demagnetizing field due to a lower M_(S) can provide the required perpendicular direction of the magnetization M₁₂ of the free layer 12. Respectively, the interfaces Ta/CoFeVB and CoFeVB/MgO of the pinned layer 14 with adjacent seed 18 and tunnel barrier 16 layers and reduced M_(S) can direct the magnetization M₁₄ of the pinned layer perpendicular to the layer surface.

Writing data to a free layer 12 can be provided by a spin-polarized current I_(S) running through the MTJ 10 in the direction perpendicular to layer plane. The direction of the reversible magnetization M₁₂ can be effectively controlled by the direction of the switching current I_(s). More specifically, when the spin-polarized current I_(S) flows from the free layer 12 to the pinned layer 14 through the tunnel barrier layer 16 (downward arrow), the conductance electrons run in the opposite direction from the pinned layer 14 to the free layer 12. The electrons storing a spin information of the pinned layer 14 are injected into the free layer 12. A spin angular momentum of the injected electrons is transferred to electrons of the free layer 12 in accordance with the law of spin angular momentum conservation. This forces the magnetization direction of the free layer 12 to be oriented in parallel with the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 14 (logic “0”).

On the other hand, when the spin-polarized write current I_(s) flows from the pinned layer 14 to the free layer 12 (upward arrow), the spin-polarized electrons run in the opposite direction from the free layer 12 to the pinned layer 14. The electrons having spin oriented in parallel to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 14 are transmitted. The electrons having spin antiparallel to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 14 are reflected. As a result, the magnetization orientation of the free layer 12 is forced to be directed antiparallel to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 14 (logic “1”).

Reading of the data stored in the MR element 10 is provided by measuring its resistance and comparing it with the resistance of the reference element (not shown).

FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of MTJ 20 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The MTJ 20 distinguishes from the MTJ 10 shown in FIG. 1 by further comprising interface magnetic layers 22 and 24 that can be made of Co₂₀Fe₇₀V₁₀. Thickness of the layers 22 and 24 can be of about 0.5 nm each. The layers 22 and 24 can have a crystalline bcc structure in as-deposited state.

The layer 22 can be disposed in-between the seed layer 18 and the pinned layer 14. The layer 22 can have a substantial ferromagnetic coupling with the ferromagnetic pinned layer 14. The layer 22 can promote the magnetic surface anisotropy K_(S) at the interface with the seed layer 18. The layer 22 can also promote the crystallization of the as-deposited amorphous pinned layer 14 into the required bcc structure during post-deposition annealing.

The layer 24 can be disposed in-between the cap layer 19 and the free layer 12 that also can have an amorphous structure in the as-deposited state. The layer 24 can produce a substantial ferromagnetic exchange coupling with the free layer 12. The layer 24 can promote the magnetic surface anisotropy at the interface with and the cap layer 19. Moreover, the layer 24 can promote the crystallization of the free layer 12 in the required bcc structure during annealing. Hence, the interface magnetic layers 22 and 24 can promote both the perpendicular magnetization direction in the pinned 14 and free 12 layers, respectively, and their crystallization into the required bcc structure. These conditions are essential for thermal stability, high TMR and low spin-polarized switching current of the perpendicular MTJ 20.

The MTJ 10 (FIG. 1) and MTJ 20 (FIG. 2) can have a substantial magnetic leakage field produced by the pinned layer 14 in the vicinity of the free layer 12. The leakage field can cause a degradation of the thermal stability and uneven magnitude of the spin-polarized switching current of the MTJ. For example, the spin-polarized current required for magnetization direction reversal from antiparallel to parallel configuration (from logic state “1” to the logic state “0”) can be not equal to the current required for switching from parallel to antiparallel configuration (from logic “0” to logic “1”). Accordingly, a reduction of the leakage field produced by the pinned layer is essential for performance of the MTJs.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional view of MTJ 30 according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. The MTJ 30 comprises a free layer 12, a pinned layer 14, a tunnel barrier layer 16 disposed in-between the pinned 14 and free 12 layers, a seed layer 18, and a cap layer 19. To provide a cancellation of the leakage magnetic field produced by the pinned layer 14 in the vicinity of the free layer 12, the MTJ 30 can further comprise an structure of a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) 32. The SAF structure 32 can comprise a pinning magnetic layer 34 that is substantially antiferromagnetically exchange coupled to the pinned layer 14 through a nonmagnetic spacer layer 36. The pinning layer 34 can have a fixed magnetization M₃₄ directed antiparallel to the direction of the magnetization M₁₄ of the pinned layer 14.

The free layer 12 and the pinned layer 14 can be made of (Co₂₀Fe₇₀ ^(V) ₁₀)₈₅B₁₅ alloy and have a thickness of about 1.5 nm and 2 nm, respectively. The tunnel barrier layer 14 can be made of MgO and have a thickness of about 1.1 nm. The pinning magnetic layer 34 can be made of [(Co₂₅Fe₇₅(0.25 nm)/Ta(0.3 nm)₈/(Co₂₅Fe₇₅(0.5 nm)] laminates. The spacer layer 36 can be made of Cr and have a thickness of about 0.9 nm. The seed layer 18 can be made of Ta and have a thickness of about 5 nm. The cap layer 19 can be made of Pt and have a thickness of about 5 nm. The layers 18 and 19 produce a substantial magnetic surface anisotropy at their interfaces with the free 12 and pinning 34 layers, respectively. The spacer layer 36 can have a bcc structure to promote the crystallization of the as-deposited amorphous CoFeVB pinned layer 14 into the required bcc structure. Moreover, the Cr spacer layer 36 can promote the perpendicular anisotropy in the pinned layer 14 by means of both the interfacial magnetic anisotropy with the pinned layer and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling with the pinning layer 34. The joint effect of the magnetic surface anisotropy and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling can prevent reversal of the magnetization direction M₁₄ of the pinned layer 14 during writing.

The magnetizations of the pinned layer M₁₄ and pinning layer M₃₄ are directed antiparallel to each other. This configuration of the magnetizations can provide an effective cancelation of the leakage magnetic field in the vicinity of the free layer 12. That is essential for the reduction of the spin-polarized switching current I_(S) asymmetry and thermal stability increase of the MTJ 30.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic sectional view of MTJ 40 according to still another embodiment of the present disclosure. The MTJ 40 distinguishes from the MTJ 30, shown in FIG. 3, by use of interface magnetic layers 22 and 24 that can have a crystalline bcc structure. The magnetic layers 22 and 24 can be disposed adjacent to the free 12 and pinned 14 layers, respectively, and have a substantial ferromagnetic coupling with these layers. The layers 22 and 24 can be made of Co₂₀Fe₇₀V₁₀ alloy and have thickness of about 0.5 nm.

The layer 22 can improve the magnetic surface anisotropy at the interface with the seed layer 18. This can result in improvement of the thermal stability of the free layer 12 through the ferromagnetic coupling with the interface layer 22. The layer 24 can be disposed in-between the pinned layer 14 made of CoFeVB and the spacer layer 36 made of Cr. The layer 24 can promote antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the pinned 14 and pinning 34 magnetic layer. Moreover, the layers 22 and 24 can promote the crystallization of the layers 12 and 14 into the required bcc structure during annealing.

The magnetic layers 12 and 14 of the MTJ 10-40 can be made of other magnetic materials having a substantial spin polarization p, low damping constant α, reduced magnetization saturation M_(S) and supporting a perpendicular direction of the magnetization. More specifically, the layers 12 and 14 can be made of the ferromagnetic materials having an amorphous structure in as-deposited state and capability to crystallize into predominantly bcc (001) texture during annealing. The materials of the layers 12 and 14 can contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Mo, and Cr, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, C, P and Si. For example, such materials can include CoFeCrB, FeCoVP, FeVB, FeCrB, FeVP, CoFeMoB, and the like. Thickness of the layers 12 and 14 can be in a range from about 0.5 nm to about 5 nm. Amount of the elements of the group consisting of V, Mo, and Cr can be up to 40 at. % including. The amount of the elements selected from the group consisting of B, C, P, and Si can be up to 30 at. % including.

The tunnel barrier layer 16 can be made of an oxide having NaCl structure as a stable crystalline phase. For example, such materials can include MgO, CaO, SrO, TiO, VO, and NbO. In order to form a coherent bcc (001) texture with the adjacent free and pinned ferromagnetic layers it is preferable to select the insulating material that shows a lattice mismatch of 5% or less in (100) face with the ferromagnetic layers. Thickness of the layer 16 can be in a range from about 0.5 nm to about 2.5 nm.

The seed layer 18 can be made of a material selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, Cr, and V, their based laminates and/or alloys. The seed layer can be used to control a crystalline structure of the MTJ stack, more specifically, the crystalline structure of the free, tunnel barrier and pinned layer. Moreover, the seed layer material may be able to provide a substantial magnetic surface anisotropy with the contacting magnetic layer. The seed layer can be used as a bottom electrode as well. Thickness of the layer seed layer 18 can vary in a range from about 0.2 nm to about 50 nm.

The cap layer 19 mainly functions as a protective layer for the MTJ stack or as a top electrode. The cap layer can be made of a material comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, Cr, and V, their based laminates and/or alloys. The cap layer can support crystallization of the amorphous magnetic layers adjacent to the tunnel barrier layer into the required bcc structure. The cap layer may also produce a substantial magnetic surface anisotropy to support a perpendicular direction of the magnetization in the contacting magnetic layer. Thickness of the cap layer 19 may vary in a range from about 0.5 nm to about 50 nm. In some cases, when the required bcc crystalline structure of the pinned and free magnetic layers is preserved, the cap layer can be made of Pt and Pd.

The magnetic layer 22 and 24 can be made of magnetic material with a preferable bcc crystalline structure. The magnetic material can comprise at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, their based alloys and/or laminates. Concentration of the nonmagnetic elements in the magnetic material can be up 40 at. % including. Thickness of the layers 22 and 24 can be in a range from about 0.2 nm to about 2.5 nm.

The pinning layer 34 can be made of material having a substantial perpendicular anisotropy and comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Cr, Pt, and Pd, their based alloys and/or laminates. Fox example, the pinning magnetic layer 34 can be made of the alloys FePt, FePd, CoPt, CoPd, CoCrPt, CoNiPt, CoPtTa, CoPtTa—SiO₂, and the like, and/or the laminates Co/Pt, CoFe/Pt, Co/Pd, Co/Ni, Fe/W, CoFe/Ta, and the like. Thickness of the pinning layer 34 can be in a range from about 1 nm to about 100 nm.

The nonmagnetic spacer layer 36 can be made of a nonmagnetic metal that can provide a substantial antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the ferrromagnetic pinned and pinning layers. For example, the nonmagnetic spacer layer can be made of a material selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, Cr, V, Ru, and Re, their based alloys and/or laminates. Thickness of the layer 36 can be in a range from about 0.3 nm to about 3 nm.

While the specification of this disclosure contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

It is understood that the above embodiments are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the embodiments should be, therefore, determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

While the disclosure has been described in terms of several exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Specifically, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the drawings herein are meant to be illustrative, and the spirit and scope of the disclosure are not limited to the embodiments and aspects disclosed herein but may be modified. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A magnetoresistive element comprising: a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a first reversible magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface; a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a second fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface; and a nonmagnetic insulating tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer and having a direct contact with the ferromagnetic layers; wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layers contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting from V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free ferromagnetic layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned ferromagnetic layer have a coherent body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses the magnetization direction of the free ferromagnetic layer.
 2. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1 wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer contains not more than 40 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo.
 3. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1 wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer contains not more than 30 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si.
 4. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1, further comprising: a first nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed adjacent and having a direct contact with a side of the free ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer, and a second nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed adjacent and having a direct contact with a side of the pinned ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the first nonmagnetic conductive layer and second nonmagnetic conductive layer contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, and Cr.
 5. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1, further comprising: a pinning magnetic layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the second nonmagnetic conductive layer, comprising a third fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Cr, Pt, and Pd; and a third nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the pinning magnetic layer and comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, Cr, Ru, and Re.
 6. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1, further comprising a first interface magnetic layer disposed between the first nonmagnetic conductive layer and the free ferromagnetic layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the free layer and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, wherein the first interface magnetic layer comprises a body-centered cubic structure.
 7. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 1, further comprising a second interface magnetic layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the second nonmagnetic conductive layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the pinned layer, and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, wherein the second interface magnetic layer comprises a body-centered cubic structure.
 8. A magnetoresistive element comprising: a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a first reversible magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface; a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a second fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface; a nonmagnetic insulating tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer and having a direct contact with the ferromagnetic layers; a first nonmagnetic metal layer disposed contiguously to a side of the free ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer; and a second nonmagnetic metal layer disposed contiguously to a side of the pinned ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the first nonmagnetic metal layer and second nonmagnetic metal layer contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, and Cr, and the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layers contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting from V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned layer form a coherent body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses the magnetization direction of the free layer.
 9. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 8 wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer contains not more than 40 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo.
 10. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 8 wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer contains not more than 30 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si.
 11. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 8, further comprising a first interface magnetic layer disposed between the first nonmagnetic metal layer and the free layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the free layer and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, wherein the first interface magnetic layer comprises a body-centered cubic structure.
 12. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 8, further comprising a second interface magnetic layer disposed between the pinned layer and the second nonmagnetic metal layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the pinned layer, and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, wherein the second interface magnetic layer comprises a body-centered cubic structure.
 13. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 8, further comprising: a pinning magnetic layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the second nonmagnetic metal layer, comprising a third fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Cr, Pt, and Pd; and a third nonmagnetic metal layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the pinning magnetic layer and comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, Cr, Ru, and Re, wherein the pinning magnetic layer has a substantial antiferromagnetic exchange coupling with the pinned ferromagnetic layer through the third nonmagnetic metal layer.
 14. A magnetoresistive element comprising: a free ferromagnetic layer comprising a first reversible magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to a film surface; a pinned ferromagnetic layer comprising a second fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface; a nonmagnetic insulating tunnel barrier layer disposed between the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer; a first nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed contiguously to a side of the free ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer; a second nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed contiguously to a side of the pinned ferromagnetic layer opposite to the tunnel barrier layer; and a pinning magnetic layer disposed adjacent to the second conductive layer and comprising a third fixed magnetization direction directed substantially perpendicular to the film surface, the pinning layer has a substantial antiferromagnetic exchange coupling with the pinned layer through the second conductive layer, wherein the first conductive layer contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, and Cr, and the free layer and the pinned layers contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, at least one element selected from the group consisting from V, Cr, and Mo, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si, and wherein the free layer, the tunnel barrier layer, and the pinned layer have a coherent body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a (001) plane oriented, and a bidirectional spin-polarized current passing through the coherent structure in a direction perpendicular to the film surface reverses the magnetization direction of the free layer.
 15. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14 wherein the free ferromagnetic layer and the pinned ferromagnetic layer comprises not more than 40 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo, and not more than 30 at. % of said at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, P, C, and Si.
 16. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14 wherein the second nonmagnetic conductive layer comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, Cr, Ru, and Re.
 17. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14 wherein the pinning magnetic layer comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Cr, Pt, and Pd.
 18. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14, further comprising a third nonmagnetic conductive layer disposed adjacent and having a direct contact with a side of the pinning magnetic layer opposite to the second conductive layer, and comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ta, W, Nb, Mo, V, Cr, Pt, and Pd.
 19. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14, further comprising a first interface magnetic layer disposed between the first nonmagnetic conductive layer and the free ferromagnetic layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the free layer and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo.
 20. The magnetoresistive element according to claim 14, further comprising a second interface magnetic layer disposed between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the second nonmagnetic conductive layer, substantially ferromagnetically coupled to the pinned layer, and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Cr, and Mo. 